Free radicals, otherwise known as reactive oxygen species,
are a byproduct of metabolism. They're produced in cells all
the time, but usually cells manage to keep them from doing
harm. However, stress can upset this balance, causing free
radical concentrations to rise and damage DNA or destroy
cells. Volvox carteri live in freshwater, reproducing
asexually, except when the water gets too warm--then they
change to sexual reproduction. Unlike the offspring of asexual
reproduction, the fertilized cells have hard cell walls that
allow them to lie dormant on the bottom of ponds as they dry
out for the summer. Aurora Nedelcu, an evolutionary biologist
at the University of New Brunswick, Canada, wanted to know if
extra free radicals resulting from the high temperatures had
anything to do with this switch.
She and her colleagues grew asexual volvox in the lab,
where they measured the free radical concentrations by adding
a chemical that fluoresces when exposed to free radicals. When
the researchers turned up the heat, the free radical
concentration shot up in the first 10 minutes and doubled
within 2 hours. By that time, the sex-inducing gene was active
and the volvox began making male and female gametes instead of
asexual ones, the group reports online 9 June in the
Proceedings of the Royal Society, London, B. When the
researchers added an enzyme that dismantled free radicals,
gene activity decreased, a further indication that free
radicals were flipping the reproductive switch.
The advantages of sex are twofold, Nedelcu says. For
starters, the resulting hard shell helps the organism wait out
the tough times. But perhaps more importantly, it mixes up
parts of each gamete's chromosomes and thus can accelerate the
repair of DNA damaged by the free radicals. That's consistent
with a somewhat controversial theory that holds that sex
evolved as a means to repair DNA damage, she says.
"The assumption that sex is an adaptive response to the
damaging effects of stress-induced [free radicals] really
makes sense," says Armin Hallmann from the University of
Bielefeld, Germany, who thinks the new evidence is compelling.
"These ideas bring a breath of fresh air into the studies of
sex and stress in these lower eukaryotes."
--ELIZABETH
PENNISI
Related site
Nedelcu's Web site, with more
information about
volvox